Reaction Rate Calculator
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Open toolMetal Removal Rate Calculator
Calculate volumetric Metal Removal Rate (`Q` / `MRR`) in both `cm³/min` and `in³/min`, plus required spindle cutting power (`kW` / `HP`) and chip mass per hour from depth of cut, width of cut, and table feed.
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Enter the inputs, then select Calculate Metal Removal Rate.
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How the Metal Removal Rate (MRR) Calculator Works
The calculator multiplies axial engagement (`ap` / `DOC`), radial stepover (`ae` / `WOC`), and linear feed rate (`vf` / `IPM`) to find the volume of metal sheared per minute, then scales by specific cutting energy (`kc`) to determine net cutting power and motor load.
Q_cm3_min = (ap * ae * vf) / 1000; P_net_kW = (Q_cm3_min * kc) / 60000; P_spindle_kW = P_net_kW / 0.85.
Includes automatic cross-conversion between metric (`cm³/min`, `kW`) and imperial (`in³/min`, `HP`) outputs.
CNC Specific Cutting Force (kc) & Unit Power Factor Reference Table
Benchmark specific cutting force (kc in N/mm²), imperial unit power (HP per in³/min), and material density for common CNC alloys.
| Workpiece Alloy | ISO Group | Specific Force kc (N/mm²) | Unit Power (HP / in³/min) | Density (g/cm³) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aluminum 6061-T6 / 7075 | ISO N | 750 N/mm² | 0.28 HP/in³/min | 2.70 g/cm³ |
| Gray Cast Iron (GG25) | ISO K | 1,350 N/mm² | 0.50 HP/in³/min | 7.20 g/cm³ |
| Mild Steel 1018 / A36 | ISO P | 1,800 N/mm² | 0.66 HP/in³/min | 7.87 g/cm³ |
| Alloy Steel 4140 (28 HRC) | ISO P | 2,200 N/mm² | 0.80 HP/in³/min | 7.85 g/cm³ |
| Stainless Steel 304 / 316 | ISO M | 2,450 N/mm² | 0.90 HP/in³/min | 8.00 g/cm³ |
| Titanium Ti-6Al-4V (Gr 5) | ISO S | 2,800 N/mm² | 1.02 HP/in³/min | 4.43 g/cm³ |
How to Calculate CNC Metal Removal Rate
Check volumetric removal rate and spindle load in three steps.
Choose Metric (mm) or Imperial (inch)
Pick Metric if your CAM program outputs `mm` and `mm/min`, or Imperial for `in` and `IPM`.
Enter axial depth (ap), radial width (ae), and feed rate (vf)
Input your axial depth of cut (`ap`), radial stepover (`ae`), and table feed velocity (`vf`).
Select the workpiece alloy to check spindle power
Click Calculate Metal Removal Rate to compare `cm³/min`, `in³/min`, net cutting power (`kW` / `HP`), required spindle power at 85% efficiency, and chip mass removed per hour.
Worked examples for Metal Removal Rate Calculator
Compare baseline and alternative runs for Metal Removal Rate Calculator before exporting the result.
Baseline example
Calculate CNC milling and turning Metal Removal Rate (MRR in cm³/min and in³/min), estimated spindle power (kW / HP), and chip load.
Comparison scenario
Q_cm3_min = (ap * ae * vf) / 1000; P_net_kW = (Q_cm3_min * kc) / 60000; P_spindle_kW = P_net_kW / 0.85.
Boundary check before exporting
Includes automatic cross-conversion between metric (`cm³/min`, `kW`) and imperial (`in³/min`, `HP`) outputs.
How to interpret the Metal Removal Rate Calculator output
Review the calculated output alongside your entered parameters and unit conventions.
Includes automatic cross-conversion between metric (`cm³/min`, `kW`) and imperial (`in³/min`, `HP`) outputs.
Input limits, assumptions, and related tools
Check the model scope and boundary conditions before applying the numbers to a real project.
Q_cm3_min = (ap * ae * vf) / 1000; P_net_kW = (Q_cm3_min * kc) / 60000; P_spindle_kW = P_net_kW / 0.85. Includes automatic cross-conversion between metric (`cm³/min`, `kW`) and imperial (`in³/min`, `HP`) outputs.
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Open toolFrequently Asked Questions
Answers about using Metal Removal Rate Calculator and understanding its results.
What is the formula for Metal Removal Rate (MRR) in CNC milling?
In metric units, MRR (cm³/min) = (ap * ae * vf) / 1000, where ap is axial depth of cut (mm), ae is radial width of cut (mm), and vf is table feed rate (mm/min). In imperial units, MRR (in³/min) = DOC * WOC * IPM, where DOC and WOC are in inches and IPM is feed rate in inches per minute.
How do you estimate spindle power (kW or HP) from Metal Removal Rate?
Multiply MRR by the material's specific cutting energy (kc or unit power factor Kp) and divide by the machine's drivetrain efficiency (typically η = 0.80 to 0.90). In metric units, Net Power (kW) = (ap * ae * vf * kc) / (60 * 10^6), where kc is specific cutting force in N/mm² (MPa).
How do I convert MRR between cm³/min and in³/min?
1 cubic inch equals 16.387064 cubic centimeters (2.54³). Divide MRR in cm³/min by 16.387064 to get in³/min, or multiply in³/min by 16.387064 to get cm³/min.
How does High-Efficiency Milling (HEM) achieve higher MRR without overloading the spindle?
HEM uses a large axial depth of cut (ap = 1.5x to 2x cutter diameter) combined with a small radial stepover (ae = 8% to 15% of diameter) and higher feed rates to account for radial chip thinning, distributing wear evenly along the flute while keeping radial deflection and peak torque controlled.
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