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Open toolCovariance Calculator
Calculate covariance for paired observations. Supply two comma- or whitespace-separated lists of equal length, with 2–1,000 paired finite observations.
Free to useNo sign-upRuns in your browser
Enter your details
Enter the inputs, then select Calculate result.
Your result
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Result will appear here
How Covariance Calculator works
Calculate covariance for paired observations.
Supply two comma- or whitespace-separated lists of equal length, with 2–1,000 paired finite observations. Finite real numbers only. Display uses up to 12 significant digits; binary floating-point arithmetic can introduce rounding. Population mode divides by n; sample mode divides by n − 1. The result depends on the units used for both variables.
How to use Covariance Calculator
Follow the labelled inputs.
Enter x values
Replace the example with x values. The field labels specify the expected format and units.
Input and settings
Check the remaining inputs
Set y values, data model. Supply two comma- or whitespace-separated lists of equal length, with 2–1,000 paired finite observations.
Tool result
Run, review and save
Select Calculate result. Review the calculated result, then copy it or download the result text.
Review the details
Examples and uses for Covariance Calculator
Check the supplied example
The starting example produces 1.33333333333. Calculate covariance for paired observations.
Use your own inputs
Read the labels for x values and y values, data model. Supply two comma- or whitespace-separated lists of equal length, with 2–1,000 paired finite observations.
Record a reviewed result
Copy the calculated result into your notes. Keep the formula and assumptions with it if someone else needs to reproduce the calculation.
How to read the result
Read the units and assumptions with the output.
Calculate covariance for paired observations.
Supply two comma- or whitespace-separated lists of equal length, with 2–1,000 paired finite observations. Finite real numbers only. Display uses up to 12 significant digits; binary floating-point arithmetic can introduce rounding. Population mode divides by n; sample mode divides by n − 1. The result depends on the units used for both variables.
Supported input and limits
Check the stated scope before you run it.
Supply two comma- or whitespace-separated lists of equal length, with 2–1,000 paired finite observations. Finite real numbers only. Display uses up to 12 significant digits; binary floating-point arithmetic can introduce rounding. Population mode divides by n; sample mode divides by n − 1. The result depends on the units used for both variables.
The input stays in this browser. Copy result and Download save the same displayed text.
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Covariance Calculator: common questions
Answers about using Covariance Calculator and understanding its results.
Which inputs does this tool accept?
Supply two comma- or whitespace-separated lists of equal length, with 2–1,000 paired finite observations. Finite real numbers only. Display uses up to 12 significant digits; binary floating-point arithmetic can introduce rounding. Population mode divides by n; sample mode divides by n − 1. The result depends on the units used for both variables.
Can I copy or download the result?
Yes. Copy result copies the displayed text, and Download saves the same result as a text file. Calculations run in your browser without an account.
Calculate result with your input
Check the calculated result, then copy or download it.